Autism vs Asperger's: What Changed and Why
In short: Asperger's syndrome was once a separate diagnosis from autism, but in 2013, the DSM-5 merged them into a single condition: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This change was made to better reflect that autism is a spectrum with varying support needs, rather than distinct categories. Today, individuals previously diagnosed with Asperger's are now considered to have ASD, often with Level 1 support needs.
Key takeaways
- Asperger's syndrome was removed from the DSM-5 in 2013 and is now part of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
- The change was made to recognize autism as a spectrum, not separate conditions.
- Individuals previously diagnosed with Asperger's typically have Level 1 support needs under ASD.
- The shift helps reduce stigma and ensures more consistent access to services and therapies.
What Is the Difference Between Autism and Asperger's?
For decades, autism and Asperger's syndrome were considered separate diagnoses. Autism was often associated with significant language delays and intellectual challenges, while Asperger's was seen as a 'milder' form with no language delay and average or above-average intelligence. However, this distinction was not always clear-cut, and many individuals fell somewhere in between.
In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which eliminated Asperger's syndrome as a separate diagnosis. Instead, all autism-related conditions were grouped under one umbrella: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This change was based on research showing that autism is a spectrum, not a set of distinct categories.
🔗 Related reading: BCBS Colorado ABA Therapy Authorization Guide · Local ABA Therapy
Why Did the Diagnosis Change?
The Problem with Separate Labels
Before the DSM-5, clinicians used different criteria to diagnose autism and Asperger's, leading to inconsistency. A child might receive an Asperger's diagnosis from one provider and an autism diagnosis from another, even with similar symptoms. This confusion made it harder for families to access appropriate services and for researchers to study the conditions effectively.
Research on the Spectrum
Studies in the 2000s found that the differences between autism and Asperger's were often a matter of degree, not kind. For example, many children with Asperger's had subtle language delays or social communication challenges that overlapped with autism. The spectrum model better captured this reality.
Reducing Stigma and Improving Access
By using a single diagnosis, the DSM-5 aimed to reduce stigma and ensure that all individuals with autism could access the same therapies and supports. Previously, some insurance plans covered autism but not Asperger's, leaving families without coverage. Now, a diagnosis of ASD opens the door to services like applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy, which is widely covered by insurance, including Medicaid.
What Does the Change Mean for Individuals and Families?
For Those Previously Diagnosed with Asperger's
If you or your child were diagnosed with Asperger's before 2013, you are now considered to have ASD. Most individuals with a previous Asperger's diagnosis fall into Level 1 of ASD, meaning they require some support but can often function independently. This reclassification does not change who you are, but it may affect how you access services.
For New Diagnoses
Today, clinicians use the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose ASD, which includes three levels of support: Level 1 (requiring support), Level 2 (requiring substantial support), and Level 3 (requiring very substantial support). This system helps tailor interventions to each person's unique needs.
🔗 Related reading: Florida Regional Centers & Family Support Programs Guide · Nearby ABA Therapy
How Does This Affect Access to Therapy and Insurance?
Insurance Coverage for ASD
Most private insurance plans and state Medicaid programs cover ABA therapy for ASD. Because Asperger's is no longer a separate diagnosis, individuals with ASD at any level can qualify for these services. However, coverage may vary by plan, so it is important to check with your provider.
Finding the Right Provider
If you are seeking ABA therapy, look for a provider led by a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) who has experience with individuals across the spectrum. Our free matching service can connect you with vetted, BCBA-led providers in your area, helping you find the right fit for your family's needs.
Practical Tips for Families
- Get a current evaluation: If your child has an old Asperger's diagnosis, consider a new evaluation to confirm ASD and determine support levels.
- Understand your insurance: Call your insurance company to ask about ABA coverage and any required pre-authorization.
- Explore early intervention: Early diagnosis and therapy can make a significant difference in developing communication and social skills.
- Connect with support groups: Many communities have groups for families of children with ASD, including those who previously identified with Asperger's.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Assuming 'mild' means no support needed: Even Level 1 ASD can require therapy and accommodations to thrive.
- Delaying evaluation: Waiting can mean missing out on early intervention benefits.
- Ignoring insurance options: Many families are unaware that ABA therapy is often fully covered.
Looking Ahead: The Future of Autism Diagnosis
The shift from Asperger's to ASD is part of a broader move toward personalized, strengths-based approaches. As research continues, we may see further refinements, but the core idea remains: autism is a spectrum, and every individual deserves support tailored to their unique strengths and challenges.
If you are ready to explore therapy options, our free service can match you with a vetted, BCBA-led provider. We are here to help you navigate the journey.